International Mobility of Researchers in Social Sciences and Humanities: Adaptation Strategies and Consequences for Professional Development
Research Article
Acknowledgments
This article is an output of a research project HSE-BR-2025-014 implemented as part of the Basic Research Program at HSE University under the supervision of Alena I. Nefedova — PhD in Sociology, Leading Research Fellow, Institute for Statistical Studies and Economics of Knowledge, Laboratory for Economics of Innovation, HSE University, SPIN-код: 8041-4989Исследование осуществлено в рамках Программы фундаментальных исследований НИУ ВШЭ (HSE-BR-2025-014) под кураторством Нефедовой Алены Игоревны, кандидата социологических наук, ведущего научного сотрудника Лаборатории экономики и инноваций Института статистических исследований и экономики знаний Национального исследовательского университета «Высшая школа экономики».
How to Cite
Marinina E.I. International Mobility of Researchers in Social Sciences and Humanities: Adaptation Strategies and Consequences for Professional Development. Sotsiologicheskiy Zhurnal = Sociological Journal. 2026. Vol. 32. No. 2. P. 98-120. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2026.32.2.6 (in Russ.).
Abstract
This article presents the results of a qualitative study of the impact of long-term international mobility on the professional development of researchers in the social sciences and humanities. Given a global intensification of competition for human capital, the mobility of scientists has become an integral feature of the modern academic landscape. However, unlike STEM disciplines, the specifics of social sciences and humanities, including language barriers, contextual rootedness and locality of academic markets, create additional challenges for their adaptation and professional development after mobility.
The analysis is based on the theory of the researcher’s three careers (cognitive, organizational and community careers) by J. Glaser and G. Laudel. Using this approach helped us to learn that relocation affects these career dimensions unevenly: organizational career turns out to be closely related to the national and local context, community career depends on the branching of social and professional ties and the level of international recognition, while cognitive career is determined by the universality of competencies. The empirical database consists of 21 in-depth interviews with Russian researchers of social sciences and humanities who have left Russia and have been living abroad for more than one year.
Three key strategies of adaptation and effects on professional development after relocating were identified: reassembling the network of contacts; reconfiguration of professional identity (going into applied research or retraining); transitioning to less qualified positions. The analysis shows that long-term mobility can both stimulate professional growth and lead to deprofessionalization, stagnation of cognitive career and loss of social capital. The results highlight the need to develop targeted support measures for mobile researchers in the social sciences and humanities, taking into account their career stage and disciplinary specifics.
Keywords:
international mobility of researchers, social sciences and humanities, adaptation strategies, effects on professional development, three careers of an academic
References
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28. Horta H., Jung J., Santos J.M. Mobility and research performance of academics in city-based higher education systems. Higher Education Policy. 2020. Vol. 33 (3). P. 437–458. DOI: 10.1057/s41307-019-00157-x
29. Ilic D., Milosavljevic M. Brain drain: Propulsive factors and consequences. Journal of Economic Development Environment and People. 2018. No. 6 (4). P. 29–40. DOI: 10.26458/jedep.v6i4.567
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31. Jacob M., Meek V.L. Scientific mobility and international research networks: trends and policy tools for promoting research excellence and capacity building. Studies in Higher Education. 2013. Vol. 38 (3). P. 331–344. DOI: 10.1080/03075079.2013.773789
32. Kamalov E., Kostenko V., Sergeeva I., Zavadskaya M. Russia’s 2022 Anti-War Exodus: The Attitudes and Expectations of Russian Migrants. IERES, PONARS Eurasia, Policy Memo. 2022. No. 790. URL: https://hdl.handle.net/1814/76530 Accessed 22.04.2026.
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35. Kotsemir M., Dyachenko E., Nefedova A. Mobile young researchers and their non-mobile ‘twins’: who is winning the academic race? Scientometrics. 2022. Vol. 127 (12). P. 7307–7332.DOI: 10.1007/s11192-022-04488-2
36. Latova N.V., Savinkov V.I. The Influence of Academic Migration on the Intellectual Potentional of Russia. European Journal of Education. 2012. Vol. 47 (1). P. 64–76. DOI: 10.1111/j.1465-3435.2011.01508.x
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40. Pajić D. Globalization of the social sciences in Eastern Europe: Genuine breakthrough or a slippery slope of the research evaluation practice? Scientometrics. 2015. Vol. 102. P. 2131–2150. DOI: 10.1007/s11192-014-1510-5
41. Petersen M., Shaw P. Language and disciplinary differences in a biliterate context. World Englishes. 2002. Vol. 21 (3). P. 357–374. DOI: 10.1111/1467-971X.00255
42. Rapoport E. Shock wave of Russian emigration and self-reflection of its representatives. Russian Review of Social Research. 2023. Vol. 15 (3). P. 33–45. DOI: 10.25285/2078-1938-2023-15-3-33-45
43. Saxenian A.L. The New Argonauts: Regional Advantage in a Global Economy. Cambridge : Harvard University Press, 2006. 424 p. DOI: 10.2307/j.ctv1dp0ttd
44. Schweitzer F., Vaccario G., Verginer L. The mobility network of scientists: Analyzing temporal correlations in scientific careers. Applied Network Science. 2020. Vol. 5 (1). 36 p. DOI: 10.1007/s41109-020-00279-x
45. Turchenko M., Zavadskaya M. Mapping the Opposition in Exile. Russian Analytical Digest. 2024. No. 317. P. 6–9.
46. Yonezawa A., Horta H., Osawa A. Mobility, formation and development of the academic profession in science, technology, engineering and mathematics in East and South East Asia. Comparative Education. 2016. Vol. 52 (1). P. 44–61. DOI: 10.1080/03050068.2015.1125617
47. версия для печати
2. Borusyak L. New wave of highly educated emigration: why do they leave Russia? Palladion. 2022. No. 3 (2). P. 98–115. DOI: 10.55167/29b32cb46280 (In Russ.)
3. Gershman M.A., Gokhberg L.M., Dem’yanova A.V. et al. International mobility of scientists: threat or benefit? Report to the XXIII Yasin (April) International Academic Conference on Economic and Social Development, Moscow, 2022. Ed. by L.M. Gokhberg, E.A. Strel’tsova. Moscow: Publ. House of HSE, 2022. 46 p. Accessed 25.04.2026. URL: https://issek.hse.ru/mirror/pubs/share/603102255.pdf (In Russ.)
4. Gershman M., Gokhberg L., Dem’yanova A. et al. International academic mobility in Russia: current assessments. Ed. by L. Gokhberg. Moscow: ISSEK NRU HSE, 2024. 44 p. (In Russ.)
5. Dezhina I.G. “Academic resettlers”: Russian scientists in the USA after 2022. Sotsiologicheskiy Zhurnal = Sociological Journal. 2025. Vol. 31. No. 4. P. 87–110. DOI: 10.19181/socjour.2025.31.4.5 (In Russ.)
6. Denisenko M.B. Emigration from Russia based on foreign statistics. Mir Rossii: Sotsiologiya, etnologiya. 2003. Vol. 12. No. 3. P. 157–169. (In Russ.)
7. Kostenko N., Zavadskaya M., Kamalov E., Sergeeva I. Russian Rhizome: a social portrait of new emigration. Re: Russia. 11.01.2023. Accessed 22.04.2026. URL: https://re-russia.net/expertise/045/ (In Russ.)
8. Kuleshova A. Three souls of emigration. Why did Russians who left the country find themselves in a space of moral division. Novaya gazeta. 19.11.2025. Accessed 22.04.2026. URL: https://novayagazeta.ru/articles/2025/11/20/tri-dushi-emigratsii/ (In Russ.)
9. Lyashok V. Labor market in summer 2022: trends and prospects. Russian economic development. 2022. No. 11 (29). P. 77–81. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.4265915 (In Russ.)
10. Mendovich N. Emigration from Russia 2022. Par 1. Analysis of the phenomenon. Stan Radar. 2022. Accessed 22.04.2026. URL: https://stanradar.com/news/full/50919-emigratsija-iz-rossii-2022-analiz-javlenija-chast-1.html (In Russ.)
11. Mironova A.V., Rataj T.V., Tarasenko I.I. Women in science: achievements and recognition. Accessed 22.04.2026. URL: https://issek.hse.ru/news/1135180436.html (In Russ.)
12. Nefedova A., Chefanova E., Slepykh V., Ivashchenko A. Effects of participation in domestic mobility for young scientists and teachers. Voprosy obrazovaniya. 2024. No. 1. P. 203–225. DOI: 10.17323/vo-2024-17186 (In Russ.)
13. Nefedova, A.I., Dyachenko, E.L. The Effects of Participating in International Mobility for Russian Scientists. Sotsiologicheskiy Zhurnal = Sociological Journal. 2024. Vol. 30. No. 1. P. 113 142. DOI: DOI: 10.19181/socjour.2024.30.1.6 (In Russ.)
14. Paskhalyuk K.A. Global Russians enter the transnational arena. Sociodigger. 2023. Vol. 4. No. 3–4 (25). P. 4–13. (In Russ.).
15. Rudenkin D. Special scientific emigration: why do scientists leave Russia? Sotsiodigger. 2023. Vol. 4. No. 3–4 (25). P. 14–22. (In Russ.)
16. Florinskaya Yu.F., Mkrtchyan N.V. Geography of the new Russian mobility (based on a survey of Russians who left Russia in 2022–2023). Naselenie i obshchestvo. 2025. No. 1 (112). Accessed 22.04.2026. URL: https://www.demoscope.ru/weekly/2025/01061/scientific_digest01.php (In Russ.)
17. Ammon U. The Dominance of English as a Language of Science: Effects on Other Languages and Language Communities. Berlin; N.Y.: Mouton de Gruy, 2001. 471 p. DOI: 10.1515/9783110869484
18. Barsukova S.Yu., Denisova-Schmidt E. New Russian Migrants in Armenia and Georgia: Challenges and Opportunities. Mir Rossii. 2026. No. 1. P. 106–139. DOI: 10.17323/1811-038X-2026-35-1-106-139
19. Borini F., Lima M., Pereira R., Siekierski P. International Academic Mobility and Innovation: A Literature Review. Journal of Global Mobility. 2018. Vol. 6. No. 3–4. P. 285–298.DOI: 10.1108/JGM-04-2018-0019
20. Chankseliani M., Belkina E. Academic Exodus from Russia: Unravelling the Crisis. Journal of Comparative & International Higher Education. 2024. No. 16 (3). P. 97–105. DOI: 10.32674/jcihe.v16i3.6304
21. Ciumasu I.M. Turning Brain Drain into Brain Networking. Science and Public Policy. 2010. Vol. 37. No. 2. P. 135–146.DOI: 10.3152/030234210X489572
22. Cook D. Breaking the Contract: Digital Nomads and the State. Critique of Anthropology. 2022. No. 42 (3). P. 304–323. DOI: 10.1177/0308275X221120172
23. Courtois A., Sautier M. Academic Brexodus? Brexit and the dynamics of mobility and immobility among the precarious research workforce. British Journal of Sociology of Education. 2022. Vol. 43. No. 4. P. 639–657. DOI: 10.1080/01425692.2022.2042195
24. Dietz J.S., Bozeman B. Academic careers, patents, and productivity: industry experience as scientific and technical human capital. Research Policy. 2005. Vol. 34 (3). P. 349–367. DOI: 10.1016/j.respol.2005.01.008
25. Fernández-Zubieta A., Geuna A., Lawson C. Researchers’ Mobility and its Impact on Scientific Productivity. SSRN Electronic Journal. 2013. P. 1–35. DOI: 10.2139/ssrn.2244760
26. Flowerdew J., Li Y. English or Chinese? The trade-off between local and international publication among Chinese academics in the humanities and social sciences. Journal of Second Language Writing. 2009. No. 18 (1). P. 1–16. DOI: 10.1016/j.jslw.2008.09.005
27. Gläser J., Laudel G. The Three Careers of an Academic. Discussion Paper. Berlin: TU Berlin, Center for Technology and Society. 2015. No. 35. Accessed 22.04.2026. URL: https://www.tuberlin.de/fileadmin/f27/PDFs/Discussion_Papers/35_2015discussion_paper_Nr_35_Glaeser_Laudel.pdf
28. Horta H., Jung J., Santos J.M. Mobility and research performance of academics in city-based higher education systems. Higher Education Policy. 2020. Vol. 33 (3). P. 437–458. DOI: 10.1057/s41307-019-00157-x
29. Ilic D., Milosavljevic M. Brain drain: Propulsive factors and consequences. Journal of Economic Development Environment and People. 2018. No. 6 (4). P. 29–40. DOI: 10.26458/jedep.v6i4.567
30. Iversen M.J., Krishna V.V., Sen K. Brain drain or brain circulation? Return migration of scientists to India. Science, Technology and Society. 2019. Vol. 24 (3). P. 428–448.
31. Jacob M., Meek V.L. Scientific mobility and international research networks: trends and policy tools for promoting research excellence and capacity building. Studies in Higher Education. 2013. Vol. 38 (3). P. 331–344. DOI: 10.1080/03075079.2013.773789
32. Kamalov E., Kostenko V., Sergeeva I., Zavadskaya M. Russia’s 2022 Anti-War Exodus: The Attitudes and Expectations of Russian Migrants. IERES, PONARS Eurasia, Policy Memo. 2022. No. 790. URL: https://hdl.handle.net/1814/76530 Accessed 22.04.2026.
33. Khakhalkina E.V., Grosheva G.V. Russian Migration Research in Transnational Discourse: Theoretical and Empirical Aspects. Journal of International Migration and Integration. 2021. Vol. 22. P. 1–20. DOI: 10.1007/s12134-019-00715-7
34. Kim T. Academic mobility, transnational identity capital, and stratification under conditions of academic capitalism. Higher Education. 2017. Vol. 73 (6). P. 981–997. DOI: 10.1007/s10734-017-0118-0
35. Kotsemir M., Dyachenko E., Nefedova A. Mobile young researchers and their non-mobile ‘twins’: who is winning the academic race? Scientometrics. 2022. Vol. 127 (12). P. 7307–7332.DOI: 10.1007/s11192-022-04488-2
36. Latova N.V., Savinkov V.I. The Influence of Academic Migration on the Intellectual Potentional of Russia. European Journal of Education. 2012. Vol. 47 (1). P. 64–76. DOI: 10.1111/j.1465-3435.2011.01508.x
37. Lee E. A Theory of Migration. Demography. 1966. Vol. 3 (1). P. 47–57. DOI: 10.2307/2060063
38. Morgan D., Nica A. Iterative Thematic Inquiry: A New Method for Analyzing Qualitative Data. The International Journal of Qualitative Methods. 2020. Vol. 19. P. 1–11. DOI: 10.1177/1609406920955118
39. Netz N., Hampel S., Aman V. What Effects Does International Mobility Have on Scientists` Careers? A Systematic Review. Research Evaluation. 2020. Vol. 29. No. 3. P. 327–351. DOI: 10.1093/reseval/rvaa007
40. Pajić D. Globalization of the social sciences in Eastern Europe: Genuine breakthrough or a slippery slope of the research evaluation practice? Scientometrics. 2015. Vol. 102. P. 2131–2150. DOI: 10.1007/s11192-014-1510-5
41. Petersen M., Shaw P. Language and disciplinary differences in a biliterate context. World Englishes. 2002. Vol. 21 (3). P. 357–374. DOI: 10.1111/1467-971X.00255
42. Rapoport E. Shock wave of Russian emigration and self-reflection of its representatives. Russian Review of Social Research. 2023. Vol. 15 (3). P. 33–45. DOI: 10.25285/2078-1938-2023-15-3-33-45
43. Saxenian A.L. The New Argonauts: Regional Advantage in a Global Economy. Cambridge : Harvard University Press, 2006. 424 p. DOI: 10.2307/j.ctv1dp0ttd
44. Schweitzer F., Vaccario G., Verginer L. The mobility network of scientists: Analyzing temporal correlations in scientific careers. Applied Network Science. 2020. Vol. 5 (1). 36 p. DOI: 10.1007/s41109-020-00279-x
45. Turchenko M., Zavadskaya M. Mapping the Opposition in Exile. Russian Analytical Digest. 2024. No. 317. P. 6–9.
46. Yonezawa A., Horta H., Osawa A. Mobility, formation and development of the academic profession in science, technology, engineering and mathematics in East and South East Asia. Comparative Education. 2016. Vol. 52 (1). P. 44–61. DOI: 10.1080/03050068.2015.1125617
47. версия для печати
Article
Received: 09.02.2026
Accepted: 26.06.2026
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Marinina, E.I. 2026. International Mobility of Researchers in Social Sciences and Humanities: Adaptation Strategies and Consequences for Professional Development. Sotsiologicheskiy Zhurnal = Sociological Journal. 32, 2 (Jun. 2026), 98-120. DOI:https://doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2026.32.2.6.
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