Психологические медиаторы социальных неравенств в здоровье: «Уверенность в себе» в Европе и России
Выражение признательности
Работа выполнена при поддержке РФФИпроект «Социальные неравенства в здоровье и персональные психологические ресурсыисследование взаимосвязи в России и странах Европы методами многоуровневого моделирования»рук. Н.Л. Русинова (грант № 18-013-00064).
Для цитирования
Русинова Н. Л., Сафронов В. В. Психологические медиаторы социальных неравенств в здоровье: «Уверенность в себе» в Европе и России // Социологический журнал. 2018. Том 24. № 4. С. 30-53. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2018.24.4.6096
Аннотация
Исследование посвящено проблеме психологической медиации социального структурирования здоровья. Согласно теоретическим представлениям, не получившим пока убедительного обоснования, снижение социального статуса индивида сопровождается утратой психологических черт, необходимых для преодоления трудностей жизни и вызываемых ими стрессов, что и сказывается на ухудшении здоровья в нижних общественных слоях. Проверка этого положения осуществлялась при обращении к данным Европейского социального исследования — репрезентативных опросов населения 27 стран, проведенных в 2012–2013 годы. Изучение непрямых психологических эффектов продемонстрировало, что во многих из этих стран такое свойство, как уверенность человека в собственных силах, действительно выступает медиатором социального структурирования здоровья, особенно отчетливо — во многих посткоммунистических обществах, тогда как в наиболее развитых западных странах посреднические эффекты оказались слабыми или полностью отсутствовали. Двухуровневый анализ выраженности психологической медиации в зависимости от факторов экономического благосостояния стран, развития социального государства и культурного своеобразия, не поддерживая предположения о важности индивидуалистической культуры для проявления медиации, убедительно свидетельствует, что она связана с социально-экономическим контекстом. В странах с сильной экономикой и социальным государством распределение психологических ресурсов слабо связано с социальной структурой — относительное благополучие нижних общественных страт вследствие развитой системы государственных социальных гарантий позволяет многим их представителям сохранять самоуважение и оптимизм. Психологические ресурсы, распределение которых не отражает однозначно социальную стратификацию, теряют роль медиатора. В менее развитой части Европы, где нижним слоям не приходится рассчитывать на серьезную помощь со стороны государства, тяготы жизни и порождаемые ими стрессы ведут к потере людьми веры в себя и возможность перемен к лучшему, а психологические ресурсы выступают медиатором социального структурирования здоровья.
Ключевые слова:
социальные неравенства в здоровье, психологические ресурсы, уверенность в себе, посреднические эффекты, сравнительное исследование, двухуровневый регрессионный анализ, страны Европы
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Hayes A.F. Introduction to Mediation, Moderation, and Conditional Process Analysis: A Regression-Based Ap-proach. New York and London: The Guilford Press, 2013. — 507 p.
Heinonen K., Räikkönen K., Matthews K.A, et al. Socioeconomic status in childhood and adulthood: associations with dispositional optimism and pessimism over a 21-year follow-up // Journal of Personality. 2006. Vol. 74. Iss. 4. P. 1111–1126. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-6494.2006.00404.x
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Huisman M., Read S., Towriss C.A., Deeg D.J.H., Grundy E. Socioeconomic inequalities in mortality rates in old age in the World Health Organization Europe region // Epidemiologic Reviews. 2013. Vol. 35. Iss. 1. P. 84–97. DOI: 10.1093/epirev/mxs010
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International Labour Office. International Standard Classification of Occupations: ISCO 08. Vol. I. Geneva: ILO, 2012. — 433 p. [См. также URL:
Kan Ch., Kawakami N., Karasawa M., et al. Psychological resources as mediators of the association between so-cial class and health: Comparative findings from Japan and the USA // International Journal of Behavioral Medi-cine. 2014. Vol. 21. Iss. 1. P. 53–65. DOI:10.1007/s12529-012-9249-y
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Marmot M.G. The status syndrome. How social standing affects our health and longevity. New York: Henry Holt & Company, 2004. — 336 p.
Marmot M.G., et al.Contribution of Psychosocial Factors to Socioeconomic Differences in Health // Milbank Quar-terly. 1998. Vol. 76. Iss. 3. P. 403 448. DOI: 10.1111/1468-0009.00097
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Matthews K.A., Raikkonen K., Gallo L., Kuller L.H. Association between socioeconomic status and metabolic syn-drome in women: Testing the reserve capacity model // Health Psychology. 2008. Vol 27. Iss. 5. P. 576–583. DOI: 10.1037/0278-6133.27.5.576
O’Donnell K., Brydon L., Wright C.E., Steptoe A. Self esteem levels and cardiovascular and inflammatory re-sponses to acute stress // Brain, Behavior, and Immunity. 2008. Vol. 22. Iss. 8. P. 1241–1247. DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2008.06.012
Rasmussen H.N., Scheier M.F., Greenhouse J.B. Optimism and physical health: A meta-analytic review // Annals of Behavioral Medicine. 2009. Vol. 37. No. 3. P. 239–256. DOI:10.1007/s12160-009-9111-x
Robb K.A., Simon A.E., Wardle J. Socioeconomic disparities in optimism and pessimism // International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2009. Vol. 16. Iss. 4. P. 331–338. DOI 10.1007/s12529-008-9018-0
Rockwood N.J. Advancing the Formulation and Testing of Multilevel Mediation and Moderated Mediation Mod-els. A Thesis Presented in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree Master of Arts in the Graduate School of The Ohio State University, 2017. Accessed 29.05.2018. URL:
Rodin J. Timko C., Harris S. The construct of control: biological and psychosocial correlates // Annual Review of Gerontology and Geriatrics. 1985. Vol. 5. P. 3–55.
Roepke S.K., Grant I. Toward a more complete understanding of the effects of personal mastery on cardiometa-bolic health // Health Psychology. 2011. Vol. 30. Iss. 5. P. 615–632. DOI: 10.1037/a0023480
Ross C.E., Mirowsky J. Social structure and psychological functioning: Distress, perceived control and trust // Handbook of social psychology / Ed. by J. De Lamater. New York: Kluwer-Plenum Press, 2003. P. 411–450.
Schnittker J. Psychological factors as mechanisms for socioeconomic disparities in health: a critical appraisal of four common factors // Social Biology. 2004. Vol. 51. Iss. 1/2. P. 1–23. DOI: 10.1080/19485565.2004.9989080
Schönfeld P., Brailovskaia J., Bieda A., Zhang X.C., Margraf J. The effects of daily stress on positive and negative mental health: Mediation through self-efficacy // International Journal of Clinical and Health Psychology. 2016. Vol. 16. No. 1. P. 1 10. DOI: 10.1016/j.ijchp.2015.08.005
Seeman M., Lewis S. Powerlessness, health and mortality: a longitudinal study of older men and mature women // Social Science and Medicine. 1995. Vol. 4l. Iss. 4. P. 5l7 525.
Stamatakis K.A., Lynch J., Everson S.A., et al. Self-esteem and Mortality: Prospective Evidence from a Population-based Study // Annals of Epidemiology. 2004. Vol. 14. Iss. 1. P. 58 65. DOI: 10.1016/S1047-2797(03)00078-4
Steptoe A., Tsuda A., Tanaka J., Wardle J. Depressive symptoms, socio-economic background, sense of control, and cultural factors in university students from 23 Countries // International Journal of Behavioral Medicine. 2007. Vol. 14. Iss. 2. P. 97–107. DOI: 10.1007/BF03004175
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Форматы цитирования
Другие форматы цитирования:
ACM
[1]
Русинова, Н.Л. и Сафронов, В.В. 2018. Психологические медиаторы социальных неравенств в здоровье: «Уверенность в себе» в Европе и России. Социологический журнал. 24, 4 (дек. 2018), 30-53. DOI:https://doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2018.24.4.6096.
Раздел
МАССОВЫЕ ОПРОСЫ, ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТЫ, МОНОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ
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