Влияние безработицы на здоровье в странах Европы: значение социального государства
Выражение признательности
Исследование выполнено при фин. поддержке РГНФпроект № 14-03-00697«Социальные различия здоровья в Европе и Россиианализ индивидуальных и контекстуальных факторов с использованием методов многоуровневого моделирования» (руководитель Н.Л. Русинова).
Для цитирования
Русинова Н. Л., Сафронов В. В. Влияние безработицы на здоровье в странах Европы: значение социального государства // Социологический журнал. 2017. Том 23. № 2. С. 28-50. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2017.23.2.5158
Аннотация
Статья посвящена проблеме социальных неравенств в здоровье и влиянию на них социетального контекста. Рассматриваются различия в самочувствии людей, имеющих работу, и безработных, принадлежащих к разным демографическим и социальным стратам, а также влияние государства социальных гарантий на эти различия. Данные Европейского социального исследования (ESS 2006–2012, 33 страны), Всемирного банка и Международной организации труда анализировались статистическими методами двухуровневого моделирования. Показано, что различия здоровья в странах Европы обусловлены социальной демографией, статусом занятости и совместным влиянием этих переменных. Безработица сильнее затрагивает пожилых людей и ведет к большему ухудшению их здоровья, поскольку им труднее найти новое место работы. Рост экономического благосостояния стран и увеличение общественных расходов на социальные нужды влечет сокращение гендерных и возрастных различий в здоровье. Социальная поддержка со стороны общества благоприятно сказывается и на здоровье респондентов с низким образованием. Повышение общественных расходов на безработицу помогает преодолеть негативные кумулятивные эффекты для здоровья низкого образования и статуса безработного, однако при этом различия между работающими и безработными не только не сокращаются, но, напротив, становятся даже большими, чем в менее щедрых странах. Причина этого — обостренное чувство относительной депривации у безработных в развитых обществах.
Ключевые слова:
здоровье, социальные неравенства, безработные, общественные социальные расходы, Европейское социальное исследование, двухуровневое моделирование
Литература
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Bambra C., Eikemo T.A. Welfare stare regimes, unemployment and health: a comparative study of the relationship between unemployment and self-report¬ed health in 23 European countries // Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2009. Vol. 63 (2). P. 92–98. DOI: 10.1136/jech.2008.077354
Bartley M. Unemployment and ill-health: understanding the relationship // Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1994. Vol. 48 (4). P. 333–337. DOI: 10.1136/jech.48.4.333
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Cooper D., McCausland W.D., Theodossiou I. Unemployed, uneducated and sick: the effects of socio-economic status on health duration in the European Union // Journal of Royal Statistical Society (A). 2008. Vol. 171 (4). P. 939–952. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-985X.2008.00541.x
Еhs A., Westerling R. Self-rated health in relation to employment status during periods of high and of low levels of unemployment // European Journal of Public Health. 2006. Vol. 16 (3). P. 294–304. DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cki165
Eikemo T.A., Bambra C., Huijts T., Fitzgerald R. The First Pan-European Sociological Health Inequalities Survey of the General Population: The European Social Survey Rotating Module on the Social Determinants of Health // European Sociological Review. 2016. Vol. 0 (0). P. 1–17. DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcw019
ESS Round 3: European Social Survey Round 3 Data (2006). Data file edition 3.6. NSD — Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway — Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC, 2006.
ESS Round 4: European Social Survey Round 4 Data (2008). Data file edition 4.4. NSD — Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway — Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC, 2008.
ESS Round 5: European Social Survey Round 5 Data (2010). Data file edition 3.3. NSD — Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway — Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC, 2010.
ESS Round 6: European Social Survey Round 6 Data (2012). Data file edition 2.3. NSD — Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway — Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC, 2012.
Fergusson D.M., Horwood L.J., Woodward L.J. Unemployment and psychosocial adjustment in young adults: causation or selection? // Social Science and Medicine. 2001. Vol. 53 (3). P. 305–320. DOI: 10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00344-0
Ferrarini T., Nelson K., Sjöberg O. Unemployment insurance and deteriorating self-rated health in 23 European countries // Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2014. Vol. 0. P. 1–6. DOI: 10.1136/jech-2013-203721
Grossman M. The Human Capital Model // Handbook of Health economics / Culyer A.J., Newhouse J.P. (eds.) Oxford: Elsevier, 2000. Vol. 1. P. 347–408.
Hammarström A., Gustafsson P.E., Strandh M., Virtanen P., Janlert U. It’s no surprise! Men are not hit more than women by the health consequences of unemployment in the Northern Swedish Cohort // Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 2011. Vol. 39 (2). P. 187–193. DOI: 10.1177/1403494810394906
Hollederer A. Unemployment, health and moderating factors: The need for targeted health promotion // Journal of Public Health. 2015. Vol. 23 (6). P. 319–325. DOI: 10.1007/s10389-015-0685-4
Jahoda M. Work, employment, and unemployment: values, theories, and approaches in social research // American Psychologist. 1981. Vol. 36 (2). P. 184–191. DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.36.2.184
Janlert U., Hammarstrom A. Which theory is best? Explanatory models of the association between unemployment and health // BMC Public Health. 2009. Vol. 9. P. 235. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-235
Kawachi I., Beckman L. Social Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. — 39 p.
Korpi T. Accumulating disadvantage. Longitudinal analyses of unemployment and physical health in representative samples of the Swedish population // European Sociological Review. 2001. Vol. 17 (3). P. 255–273. DOI: 10.1093/esr/17.3.255
McKee-Ryan F.M., Song Z., Wanberg C.R., Kinicki A.J. Psychological and physical well-being during unemployment: A meta-analytic study // Journal of Applied Psychology. 2005. Vol. 90 (1). P. 53–76. DOI: 10.1037/0021- 9010.90.1.53
McLeod C.B., Hall P.A., Siddiqi A., Hertzman C. How society shapes the health gradient: Work-related health inequalities in a comparative perspective // Annual Review of Public Health. 2012. Vol. 33. P. 59–73. DOI: 10.1146/ annurev-publhealth-031811-124603
Montgomery S.M., Cook D.G., Bartley M.J., Wadsworth M.E. Unemployment pre-dates symptoms of depression and anxiety resulting in medical consultation in young men // International Journal of Epidemiology. 1999a. Vol. 28 (1). P. 95–100. DOI: 10.1093/ije/28.1.95
Montgomery S.M., Cook D.G., Bartley M.J., Wadsworth M.E.J. Unemployment, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and body weight in young British men // European Journal of Public Health. 1999b. Vol. 8 (1). P. 21–27. DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/8.1.21
Morris J.K., Cook D.G., Shaper A.G. Loss of employment and mortality // British Medical Journal. 1994. Vol. 308 (6937). P. 1135–1139. DOI: 10.1136/ bmj.308.6937.1135
Muntaner C., Solar O., Vanroelen C., Martinez J.M., Vergara M., Santana V., Castedo A., Kim I.-H., Benach J., and the EMCONET Network. Unemploy-ment, informal work, precarious employment, child labour, slavery, and health inequalities: pathways and mechanisms // International Journal of Health Services. 2010. Vol. 40 (2). P. 281–295. DOI: 10.2190/HS.40.2.h
Murphy G., Athanasou J. The effect of unemployment on mental health // Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 1999. Vol. 72 (1). P. 83–99. DOI: 10.1348/096317999166518
Nordenmark M., Strandh M. Towards a sociological understanding of mental wellbeing among the unemployed: the role of economic and psychosocial factors // Sociology. 1999. Vol. 33 (3). P. 577–597. DOI: 10.1177/ S003803859900036X
Norström F., Virtanen P., Hammarström A., Gustafsson P.E., Janlert U. How does unemployment affect self-assessed health? A systematic review focusing on subgroup effects // BMC Public Health. 2014. Vol. 14. P. 1310. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1310
O’Campo P., Molnar A., Ng E., Renahy E., Mitchell C., Shankardass K., St. John A., Bambra C., Muntaner C. Social welfare matters: A realist review of when, how, and why unemployment insurance impacts poverty and health // Social Science & Medicine. 2015. Vol. 132. P. 88–94. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.03.025
Paul K.I., Moser K. Unemployment impairs mental health: Meta-analyses // Journal of Vocational Behaviour. 2009. Vol. 74 (3). P. 264–282. DOI: 10.1016/j. jvb.2009.01.001.
Popham F., Gray L., Bambra C. Employment status and the prevalence of poor self rated health. Findings from UK individual-level repeated cross-sectional data from 1978 to 2004 // BMJ Open. 2012. Vol. 2 (6). P. e001342. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001342
Price R.H., Choi J.N., Vinokur A.D. Links in the chain of adversity following job loss: how financial strain and loss of personal control lead to depression, impaired functioning, and poor health // Journal of Occupational Health and Psychology. 2002. Vol. 7 (4). P. 302–312. DOI: 10.1037//1076-8998.7.4.302
Puig-Barrachina V., Malmusi D., Martinez J.M., Benach J. Monitoring social determinants of health inequalities: The impact of unemployment among vulnerable groups // International Journal of Health Services. 2011. Vol. 41 (3). P. 459–482. DOI: 10.2190/HS.41.3.d
Raudenbush S.W., Bryk A.S. Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2002. — 510 p.
Rodriguez E. Keeping the unemployed healthy: the effect of means-tested and entitlement benefits in Britain, Germany, and the United States // American Journal of Public Health. 2001. Vol. 91 (9). P. 1403–1411. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.91.9.1403
Roelfs D.J., Shor E., Davidson K.W., Schwartz J.E. Losing life and livelihood: a systematic review and meta-analysis of unemployment and all-cause mortality // Social Science and Medicine. 2011. Vol. 72 (6). P. 840–854. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.01.005
Schmitz H. Why are the unemployed in worse health? The causal effect of unemployment on health // Labour Economics. 2011. Vol. 18 (1). P. 71–78. DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2010.08.005
Shahidi V., Siddiqi A., Muntaner C. Does social policy moderate the impact of unemployment on health? A multilevel analysis of 23 welfare states // European Journal of Public Health. 2016. Vol. 26 (6). P. 1017–1022. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.1093/eurpub/ckw050
Starrin B., Aslund C., Nilsson K.W. Financial stress, shaming experiences and psychosocial ill-health: studies into the finances-shame model // Social Indicators Research. 2009. Vol. 91 (2). P. 283–298. DOI: 10.1007/s11205- 008-9286-8
Strully K.W. Job loss and health in the US labor market // Demography. 2009. Vol. 46 (2). P. 221–246. DOI: 10.1353/dem.0.0050
Warr P.B. Work, happiness, and unhappiness. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2007. — 548 p.
Young C. Losing a job: The nonpecuniary cost of unemployment in the United States // Social Forces. 2012. Vol. 91 (2). P. 609–634. DOI: 10.1093/sf/sos071
World Social Protection Report 2014/15: Building economic recovery, inclusive development and social justice. International Labour Office — Geneva: ILO, 2014.
Backhans M.C., Hemmingsson T. Unemployment and mental health – who is (not) affected? // European Journal of Public Health. 2012. Vol. 22 (3). P. 429–433. DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/ckr059
Bambra C., Eikemo T.A. Welfare stare regimes, unemployment and health: a comparative study of the relationship between unemployment and self-report¬ed health in 23 European countries // Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2009. Vol. 63 (2). P. 92–98. DOI: 10.1136/jech.2008.077354
Bartley M. Unemployment and ill-health: understanding the relationship // Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 1994. Vol. 48 (4). P. 333–337. DOI: 10.1136/jech.48.4.333
Bartley M., Ferrie J., Montgomery S.M. Health and labour market disadvantage: unemployment, non-employment and job insecurity // Social Determinants of Health / Ed. by M. Marmot, R.G. Wilkinson. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 2006. P. 78–96.
Bartley M., Plewis I. Accumulated labour market disadvantage and limiting long-term illness: data from the 1971–1991 ONS longitudinal study // International Journal of Epidemiology. 2002. Vol. 31(2). P. 336–341. DOI: 10.1093/ije/31.2.336
Beckfield J., Bambra C., Eikemo T.A., Huijts T., McNamara C., Wendt C. An institutional theory of welfare state effects on the distribution of population health // Social Theory & Health. 2015. Vol. 13 (3). P. 227–244. DOI: 10.1057/ sth.2015.19
Bergqvist K., Yngwe M.Å., Lundberg O. Understanding the role of welfare state characteristics for health and inequalities — An analytical review // BMC Public Health. 2013. Vol. 13. P. 1234. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-13-1234.
Cooper D., McCausland W.D., Theodossiou I. Unemployed, uneducated and sick: the effects of socio-economic status on health duration in the European Union // Journal of Royal Statistical Society (A). 2008. Vol. 171 (4). P. 939–952. DOI: 10.1111/j.1467-985X.2008.00541.x
Еhs A., Westerling R. Self-rated health in relation to employment status during periods of high and of low levels of unemployment // European Journal of Public Health. 2006. Vol. 16 (3). P. 294–304. DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/cki165
Eikemo T.A., Bambra C., Huijts T., Fitzgerald R. The First Pan-European Sociological Health Inequalities Survey of the General Population: The European Social Survey Rotating Module on the Social Determinants of Health // European Sociological Review. 2016. Vol. 0 (0). P. 1–17. DOI: 10.1093/esr/jcw019
ESS Round 3: European Social Survey Round 3 Data (2006). Data file edition 3.6. NSD — Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway — Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC, 2006.
ESS Round 4: European Social Survey Round 4 Data (2008). Data file edition 4.4. NSD — Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway — Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC, 2008.
ESS Round 5: European Social Survey Round 5 Data (2010). Data file edition 3.3. NSD — Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway — Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC, 2010.
ESS Round 6: European Social Survey Round 6 Data (2012). Data file edition 2.3. NSD — Norwegian Centre for Research Data, Norway — Data Archive and distributor of ESS data for ESS ERIC, 2012.
Fergusson D.M., Horwood L.J., Woodward L.J. Unemployment and psychosocial adjustment in young adults: causation or selection? // Social Science and Medicine. 2001. Vol. 53 (3). P. 305–320. DOI: 10.1016/S0277-9536(00)00344-0
Ferrarini T., Nelson K., Sjöberg O. Unemployment insurance and deteriorating self-rated health in 23 European countries // Journal of Epidemiology and Community Health. 2014. Vol. 0. P. 1–6. DOI: 10.1136/jech-2013-203721
Grossman M. The Human Capital Model // Handbook of Health economics / Culyer A.J., Newhouse J.P. (eds.) Oxford: Elsevier, 2000. Vol. 1. P. 347–408.
Hammarström A., Gustafsson P.E., Strandh M., Virtanen P., Janlert U. It’s no surprise! Men are not hit more than women by the health consequences of unemployment in the Northern Swedish Cohort // Scandinavian Journal of Public Health. 2011. Vol. 39 (2). P. 187–193. DOI: 10.1177/1403494810394906
Hollederer A. Unemployment, health and moderating factors: The need for targeted health promotion // Journal of Public Health. 2015. Vol. 23 (6). P. 319–325. DOI: 10.1007/s10389-015-0685-4
Jahoda M. Work, employment, and unemployment: values, theories, and approaches in social research // American Psychologist. 1981. Vol. 36 (2). P. 184–191. DOI: 10.1037/0003-066X.36.2.184
Janlert U., Hammarstrom A. Which theory is best? Explanatory models of the association between unemployment and health // BMC Public Health. 2009. Vol. 9. P. 235. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-9-235
Kawachi I., Beckman L. Social Epidemiology. New York: Oxford University Press, 2000. — 39 p.
Korpi T. Accumulating disadvantage. Longitudinal analyses of unemployment and physical health in representative samples of the Swedish population // European Sociological Review. 2001. Vol. 17 (3). P. 255–273. DOI: 10.1093/esr/17.3.255
McKee-Ryan F.M., Song Z., Wanberg C.R., Kinicki A.J. Psychological and physical well-being during unemployment: A meta-analytic study // Journal of Applied Psychology. 2005. Vol. 90 (1). P. 53–76. DOI: 10.1037/0021- 9010.90.1.53
McLeod C.B., Hall P.A., Siddiqi A., Hertzman C. How society shapes the health gradient: Work-related health inequalities in a comparative perspective // Annual Review of Public Health. 2012. Vol. 33. P. 59–73. DOI: 10.1146/ annurev-publhealth-031811-124603
Montgomery S.M., Cook D.G., Bartley M.J., Wadsworth M.E. Unemployment pre-dates symptoms of depression and anxiety resulting in medical consultation in young men // International Journal of Epidemiology. 1999a. Vol. 28 (1). P. 95–100. DOI: 10.1093/ije/28.1.95
Montgomery S.M., Cook D.G., Bartley M.J., Wadsworth M.E.J. Unemployment, cigarette smoking, alcohol consumption and body weight in young British men // European Journal of Public Health. 1999b. Vol. 8 (1). P. 21–27. DOI: 10.1093/eurpub/8.1.21
Morris J.K., Cook D.G., Shaper A.G. Loss of employment and mortality // British Medical Journal. 1994. Vol. 308 (6937). P. 1135–1139. DOI: 10.1136/ bmj.308.6937.1135
Muntaner C., Solar O., Vanroelen C., Martinez J.M., Vergara M., Santana V., Castedo A., Kim I.-H., Benach J., and the EMCONET Network. Unemploy-ment, informal work, precarious employment, child labour, slavery, and health inequalities: pathways and mechanisms // International Journal of Health Services. 2010. Vol. 40 (2). P. 281–295. DOI: 10.2190/HS.40.2.h
Murphy G., Athanasou J. The effect of unemployment on mental health // Journal of Occupational and Organizational Psychology. 1999. Vol. 72 (1). P. 83–99. DOI: 10.1348/096317999166518
Nordenmark M., Strandh M. Towards a sociological understanding of mental wellbeing among the unemployed: the role of economic and psychosocial factors // Sociology. 1999. Vol. 33 (3). P. 577–597. DOI: 10.1177/ S003803859900036X
Norström F., Virtanen P., Hammarström A., Gustafsson P.E., Janlert U. How does unemployment affect self-assessed health? A systematic review focusing on subgroup effects // BMC Public Health. 2014. Vol. 14. P. 1310. DOI: 10.1186/1471-2458-14-1310
O’Campo P., Molnar A., Ng E., Renahy E., Mitchell C., Shankardass K., St. John A., Bambra C., Muntaner C. Social welfare matters: A realist review of when, how, and why unemployment insurance impacts poverty and health // Social Science & Medicine. 2015. Vol. 132. P. 88–94. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2015.03.025
Paul K.I., Moser K. Unemployment impairs mental health: Meta-analyses // Journal of Vocational Behaviour. 2009. Vol. 74 (3). P. 264–282. DOI: 10.1016/j. jvb.2009.01.001.
Popham F., Gray L., Bambra C. Employment status and the prevalence of poor self rated health. Findings from UK individual-level repeated cross-sectional data from 1978 to 2004 // BMJ Open. 2012. Vol. 2 (6). P. e001342. DOI: 10.1136/bmjopen-2012-001342
Price R.H., Choi J.N., Vinokur A.D. Links in the chain of adversity following job loss: how financial strain and loss of personal control lead to depression, impaired functioning, and poor health // Journal of Occupational Health and Psychology. 2002. Vol. 7 (4). P. 302–312. DOI: 10.1037//1076-8998.7.4.302
Puig-Barrachina V., Malmusi D., Martinez J.M., Benach J. Monitoring social determinants of health inequalities: The impact of unemployment among vulnerable groups // International Journal of Health Services. 2011. Vol. 41 (3). P. 459–482. DOI: 10.2190/HS.41.3.d
Raudenbush S.W., Bryk A.S. Hierarchical Linear Models: Applications and Data Analysis Methods. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage, 2002. — 510 p.
Rodriguez E. Keeping the unemployed healthy: the effect of means-tested and entitlement benefits in Britain, Germany, and the United States // American Journal of Public Health. 2001. Vol. 91 (9). P. 1403–1411. DOI: 10.2105/AJPH.91.9.1403
Roelfs D.J., Shor E., Davidson K.W., Schwartz J.E. Losing life and livelihood: a systematic review and meta-analysis of unemployment and all-cause mortality // Social Science and Medicine. 2011. Vol. 72 (6). P. 840–854. DOI: 10.1016/j.socscimed.2011.01.005
Schmitz H. Why are the unemployed in worse health? The causal effect of unemployment on health // Labour Economics. 2011. Vol. 18 (1). P. 71–78. DOI: 10.1016/j.labeco.2010.08.005
Shahidi V., Siddiqi A., Muntaner C. Does social policy moderate the impact of unemployment on health? A multilevel analysis of 23 welfare states // European Journal of Public Health. 2016. Vol. 26 (6). P. 1017–1022. DOI: http://dx.doi. org/10.1093/eurpub/ckw050
Starrin B., Aslund C., Nilsson K.W. Financial stress, shaming experiences and psychosocial ill-health: studies into the finances-shame model // Social Indicators Research. 2009. Vol. 91 (2). P. 283–298. DOI: 10.1007/s11205- 008-9286-8
Strully K.W. Job loss and health in the US labor market // Demography. 2009. Vol. 46 (2). P. 221–246. DOI: 10.1353/dem.0.0050
Warr P.B. Work, happiness, and unhappiness. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum, 2007. — 548 p.
Young C. Losing a job: The nonpecuniary cost of unemployment in the United States // Social Forces. 2012. Vol. 91 (2). P. 609–634. DOI: 10.1093/sf/sos071
World Social Protection Report 2014/15: Building economic recovery, inclusive development and social justice. International Labour Office — Geneva: ILO, 2014.
Форматы цитирования
Другие форматы цитирования:
ACM
[1]
Русинова, Н.Л. и Сафронов, В.В. 2017. Влияние безработицы на здоровье в странах Европы: значение социального государства. Социологический журнал. 23, 2 (июн. 2017), 28-50. DOI:https://doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2017.23.2.5158.
Раздел
МАССОВЫЕ ОПРОСЫ, ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТЫ, МОНОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ
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