Социальный образ православных монастырей и монашества в современной России
Для цитирования
Медведева К. С. Социальный образ православных монастырей и монашества в современной России // Социологический журнал. 2015. Том 21. № 3. С. С. 45-62. DOI: https://doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2015.21.3.2377
Аннотация
В статье исследуется общественное мнение о православных монастырях и монашестве в современной России. Анализ основан на результатах опросов, проведенных в 2010−2015 гг. Всероссийским центром изучения общественного мнения (ВЦИОМ). Также используются материалы авторского опроса И. Астэр (2009) и мультимедийного проекта-конкурса «Россия 10» (2013). Показано, что россияне считают монастыри одними из символов страны, который, тем не менее, находится в «пассивном культурном запасе». Образованные респонденты и представители старшего поколения лучше осведомлены об известных исторических фигурах монашествующих, чем менее образованные и молодые люди. Общественное мнение рисует портрет трудолюбивого «молитвенного» монаха, жизненный выбор которого можно интерпретировать в разнонаправленных парадигмах «ухода» в монастырь от мирской жизни и «прихода» в него, связывая последнее с религиозно-нравственными мотивами. Респонденты предлагают более широкий и разнообразный спектр положительных мотивов вступления в монастырь, чем отрицательных. Тем не менее отношение россиян к потенциальному желанию своего родственника стать монахом неоднозначно. Опросы показывают примерно равные доли тех, кто отнесется к такому решению «скорее положительно» и «скорее отрицательно». Делается вывод, что образ монаха как «инока», религиозного «другого» в современном социокультурном пространстве является относительно приемлемым. Монашество — краеугольный камень христианства, поэтому трансформации, происходящие с этим институтом, а также динамика общественного мнения о нем могут свидетельствовать об изменениях места и роли религии в обществе, что особенно актуально в условиях упадка доверия к традиционным институтам в современном социокультурном пространстве.
Ключевые слова:
опросы общественного мнения, Русская православная церковь, монашество и монастыри
Литература
Aster I.V. Sovremennyi pravoslavnyi monashestvuyushchii: motivatsiya ukhoda ot «mira». [A modern orthodox monk: The motivation of taking the monastic vows.]. Tambov University Reports. 2009. No. 6 (74). P. 327–333.
Aster I.V. Monasticism as a social and religious phenomenon. Religiya. Tserkov'. Obshchestvo. Issledovaniya i publikatsii po teologii i religii. [Religion. Church. Society. Research and publications on theology and religion.] 2012. No. 1. P. 50–60. (In Russ.)
Aster I.V. Sovremennoe russkoe pravoslavnoe monashestvo: sotsial'no-filosofskii analiz. [Contemporary Russian Orthodox monasticism: Social and philosophical analysis.] St-Petersburg: OOO “Arkhei” Publ., 2010. 199 p.
Aster I.V. Yuridicheskii status i ekonomicheskaya deyatel'nost' sovremennykh pravoslavnykh monastyrei v Rossii. [Legal status and economic activity of modern Orthodox monasteries in Russia.]. Izvestiya Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta. 2009. No. 3. P. 96–101.
The report of the Locum of the Patriarchal See Metropolitan of Smolensk and Kaliningrad Kirill on the Local council of Russian Orthodox Church. Moscow, January 27–29, 2009. [online]. Accessed 22.04.2014. URL:. (In Russ.)
Dubin B.V. Mass Religious Culture in Russia (Tendencies and results of the 1990s). Vestnik obshchestvennogo mneniya: Dannye. Analiz. Diskussii. 2004. No. 3. P. 35–44. (In Russ.)
Zabaev I.V. Na grani mezhdu religiei i sotsiologiei. [On the verge between religion and sociology.]. Byulleten' “ESForum”. 2014. No. 4 (40). P. 2–5.
Zabaev I.V. Pravoslavie i khozyaistvo. Obzor russkoyazychnykh issledovanii, dissertatsionnykh rabot, konferentsii, polemiki po osnovnym sotsial'no-ekonomicheskim doktrinam RPTs za period XIX – nachalo XXI vv. [Orthodox Christianity and economy. The review of Russian research, dissertations, conferences, and disputes on social-economic approaches of the Russian Orthodox church in XIX–XXI centuries.] Economic Sociology. 2005. No. 6 (5). P. 108–144. (In Russ.)
Zadorin I., Burova Yu., Syutkina A. Mass Media and Mass Political Cognition: Mutual Influence and Mutual Dependence [online]. Accessed 01.02.2015. URL:. (In Russ.)
Zorkaya N.A. Pravoslavie v bezreligioznom obshchestve. [The Orthodoxy of the Society without Religion.]. Vestnik obshchestvennogo mneniya: Dannye. Analiz. Diskussii. 2009. No. 2. P. 65–84.
Kirichenko O.V. Pravoslavnoe zhenskoe monashestvo v sovetskoe vremya. [Orthodox female monasticism in the Soviet period.]. Voprosy istorii. 2001. No. 1. P. 101–114.
Kormina Zh.V. Nomadicheskoe pravoslavie: o novykh formakh religioznoi zhizni v sovremennoi Rossii. [Nomadic Orthodoxy: On new forms of religious life in contemporary Russia.]. Ab Imperio. 2012. No. 2. P. 195–227. (In Russ.)
Lebedev S. Religioznyi renessans kak sotsial'naya real'nost': K demifologizatsii ponyatiya. [Religious Renaissance as a social reality: Towards demythologisation of the concept.]. Sotsiologicheskiy zhurnal. 2007. No. 2. P. 24–36.
Mitrokhin N.A. Russkaya pravoslavnaya tserkov' kak sub"ekt ekonomicheskoi deyatel'nosti. [The Russian Orthodox Church as subject of economic activity.]. Voprosy ekonomiki. 2000. No. 8. P. 54–70.
Monastery is a large wonderful family. Monastyrskii vestnik [online]. 2012. Accessed 05.02.2015. URL:.
Mchedlova M.M. Rol' religii v sovremennom obshchestve. [Religions’ role in contemporary Russian society.] Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2009. No. 12. P. 77–84.
Official website of Archimandrite Tikhon’s book “ ‘Everyday Saints’ and Other Stories” [online]. Accessed 01.04.2015. URL:. (In Russ.)
Official website of the “Russia 10” project [online]. Accessed 11.07.2014. URL:
Pain E.A. O prirode protsessa etnicheskogo i religioznogo vozrozhdeniya. [About the nature of ethnic and religious revival.] Tsennosti i smysly. 2010. No. 5. C. 33–49.
Pashedko Yu.M. Osobennosti sotsial'no-pedagogicheskoi deyatel'nosti pravoslavnykh monastyrei. [Peculiarities of socio-pedagogical activity of Russian orthodox monasteries.] Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta kul'tury i iskusstv. 2012. No. 1. P. 115–118.
Press release No. 1465, the VCIOM opinion poll, 2010. Many faithful, fewer inchurched believers in Russia [online]. Accessed 01.02.2015. URL:. (In Russ.)
Press release No. 2419, the VCIOM opinion poll, 2013. Symbols of Russia: national rating [online]. Accessed 22.06.2014. URL:. (In Russ.)
Press release No. 2592, the VCIOM opinion poll, 2014. 700th anniversary of St. Sergius of Radonezh [online]. Date of access: 22.06.2014. URL:. (In Russ.)
Press release No. 2616, the VCIOM opinion poll, 2014. Leaving for a monastery — a vocation or an escape from the problems? [online]. Accessed 01.02.2015. URL:..(In Russ.)
Press release No. 2754, the VCIOM opinion poll, 2015. Hit the road — through holy sites [online]. Accessed 07.03.2015. URL:. (In Russ.)
Rogozin D.M. Book about monasticism as a secular phenomenon. A review on the book: Archimandrite Tikhon (Shevkunov). “ ‘With unholy saints’ and other stories”. Moscow: Publishing house of the Sretensky monastery; OLMA MEDIA GROUP, 2011. Sotsiologicheskiy zhurnal. 2012. No. 2. P. 170–174.
Federal State Statistics Service [online]. Accessed 11.07.2014. URL:. (In Russ.)
Shafazhinskaya N.E. Monasteries and monasticism in the XIX century in Russia: a sociocultural aspect. Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta kul'tury i iskusstv. [Bulletin of the Moscow State University of culture and arts.] 2008. No. 4. P. 36–39. (In Russ.)
Shafazhinskaya N.E. Russkoe monashestvo kak istoriko-kul'turnoe yavlenie. [Russian monasticism as a historical and cultural phenomenon.]. Diss. for the degree of Doctor of Cultural Studies. Moscow, 2010. 407 p.
Shcherba L.V. Opyt obshchei teorii leksikografii. [Towards a general theory of lexicography.]. Yazykovaya sistema i rechevaya deyatel'nost'. [Language system and speech activity.]. Leningrad: Nauka Publ., 1974.
Burgess J.P. Monasticism as a force for religious and cultural renewal in post-communist Russia. Journal of Religion in Europe. 2011. Vol. 4. No. 2. R. 225–244.
Burgess J.P. Orthodox resurgence: Civil religion in Russia. Religion in Eastern Europe. 2009. Vol. 29. No. 2. P. 1–14.
Kenworthy S.M. Monasticism in Russian history. Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 2009. Vol. 10. No. 2. P. 307–331.
Kloss B.M. Monasticism during the formation of a centralized state. Russian Studies in History. 2013. Vol. 52. No. 1. R. 5–37. Doi: 10.2753/RSH1061-1983520101.
Michel A. What role can the Orthodox monasteries play in the revival of spirituality of the contemporary Russian society. PhD Theses. International Baptist Theological Seminary of the European Baptist Federation (Czech Republic), 2013. 44 p.
Miller D.B. Saint Sergius of Radonezh, His Trinity Monastery, and the Formation of the Russian Identity. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2010. 374 p.
Miller D.B. The cult of Saint Sergius of Radonezh and its political uses. Slavic Review. 1993. Vol. 52. Issue 4. R. 680–699.
Mitrokhin N., Nuritova A. The Russian Orthodox church in contemporary Russia: Structural problems and contradictory relations with the Government, 2000–2008. Social Research. 2009. Vol. 76. Issue 1. P. 289–320.
Naidenova L.P. Monasteries and monasticism in Russia. Russian Studies in History. 2013. Vol. 52. Issue 1. P. 3–4.
Putterman T.L. Berlin’s two concepts of liberty: A reassessment and revision. Polity. 2006. Vol. 38. Issue 3. P. 416–446.
Rock S. A monastic revival. History Today. 2009. Vol. 59. No. 2. P. 4–5.
Wynot J.J. Keeping the Faith: Russian Orthodox Monasticism in the Soviet Union, 1917–1939. PhD diss., Emory University (USA), 2000. 296 p.
Aster I.V. Monasticism as a social and religious phenomenon. Religiya. Tserkov'. Obshchestvo. Issledovaniya i publikatsii po teologii i religii. [Religion. Church. Society. Research and publications on theology and religion.] 2012. No. 1. P. 50–60. (In Russ.)
Aster I.V. Sovremennoe russkoe pravoslavnoe monashestvo: sotsial'no-filosofskii analiz. [Contemporary Russian Orthodox monasticism: Social and philosophical analysis.] St-Petersburg: OOO “Arkhei” Publ., 2010. 199 p.
Aster I.V. Yuridicheskii status i ekonomicheskaya deyatel'nost' sovremennykh pravoslavnykh monastyrei v Rossii. [Legal status and economic activity of modern Orthodox monasteries in Russia.]. Izvestiya Volgogradskogo gosudarstvennogo pedagogicheskogo universiteta. 2009. No. 3. P. 96–101.
The report of the Locum of the Patriarchal See Metropolitan of Smolensk and Kaliningrad Kirill on the Local council of Russian Orthodox Church. Moscow, January 27–29, 2009. [online]. Accessed 22.04.2014. URL:
Dubin B.V. Mass Religious Culture in Russia (Tendencies and results of the 1990s). Vestnik obshchestvennogo mneniya: Dannye. Analiz. Diskussii. 2004. No. 3. P. 35–44. (In Russ.)
Zabaev I.V. Na grani mezhdu religiei i sotsiologiei. [On the verge between religion and sociology.]. Byulleten' “ESForum”. 2014. No. 4 (40). P. 2–5.
Zabaev I.V. Pravoslavie i khozyaistvo. Obzor russkoyazychnykh issledovanii, dissertatsionnykh rabot, konferentsii, polemiki po osnovnym sotsial'no-ekonomicheskim doktrinam RPTs za period XIX – nachalo XXI vv. [Orthodox Christianity and economy. The review of Russian research, dissertations, conferences, and disputes on social-economic approaches of the Russian Orthodox church in XIX–XXI centuries.] Economic Sociology. 2005. No. 6 (5). P. 108–144. (In Russ.)
Zadorin I., Burova Yu., Syutkina A. Mass Media and Mass Political Cognition: Mutual Influence and Mutual Dependence [online]. Accessed 01.02.2015. URL:
Zorkaya N.A. Pravoslavie v bezreligioznom obshchestve. [The Orthodoxy of the Society without Religion.]. Vestnik obshchestvennogo mneniya: Dannye. Analiz. Diskussii. 2009. No. 2. P. 65–84.
Kirichenko O.V. Pravoslavnoe zhenskoe monashestvo v sovetskoe vremya. [Orthodox female monasticism in the Soviet period.]. Voprosy istorii. 2001. No. 1. P. 101–114.
Kormina Zh.V. Nomadicheskoe pravoslavie: o novykh formakh religioznoi zhizni v sovremennoi Rossii. [Nomadic Orthodoxy: On new forms of religious life in contemporary Russia.]. Ab Imperio. 2012. No. 2. P. 195–227. (In Russ.)
Lebedev S. Religioznyi renessans kak sotsial'naya real'nost': K demifologizatsii ponyatiya. [Religious Renaissance as a social reality: Towards demythologisation of the concept.]. Sotsiologicheskiy zhurnal. 2007. No. 2. P. 24–36.
Mitrokhin N.A. Russkaya pravoslavnaya tserkov' kak sub"ekt ekonomicheskoi deyatel'nosti. [The Russian Orthodox Church as subject of economic activity.]. Voprosy ekonomiki. 2000. No. 8. P. 54–70.
Monastery is a large wonderful family. Monastyrskii vestnik [online]. 2012. Accessed 05.02.2015. URL:
Mchedlova M.M. Rol' religii v sovremennom obshchestve. [Religions’ role in contemporary Russian society.] Sotsiologicheskie issledovaniya. 2009. No. 12. P. 77–84.
Official website of Archimandrite Tikhon’s book “ ‘Everyday Saints’ and Other Stories” [online]. Accessed 01.04.2015. URL:
Official website of the “Russia 10” project [online]. Accessed 11.07.2014. URL:
Pain E.A. O prirode protsessa etnicheskogo i religioznogo vozrozhdeniya. [About the nature of ethnic and religious revival.] Tsennosti i smysly. 2010. No. 5. C. 33–49.
Pashedko Yu.M. Osobennosti sotsial'no-pedagogicheskoi deyatel'nosti pravoslavnykh monastyrei. [Peculiarities of socio-pedagogical activity of Russian orthodox monasteries.] Vestnik Sankt-Peterburgskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta kul'tury i iskusstv. 2012. No. 1. P. 115–118.
Press release No. 1465, the VCIOM opinion poll, 2010. Many faithful, fewer inchurched believers in Russia [online]. Accessed 01.02.2015. URL:
Press release No. 2419, the VCIOM opinion poll, 2013. Symbols of Russia: national rating [online]. Accessed 22.06.2014. URL:
Press release No. 2592, the VCIOM opinion poll, 2014. 700th anniversary of St. Sergius of Radonezh [online]. Date of access: 22.06.2014. URL:
Press release No. 2616, the VCIOM opinion poll, 2014. Leaving for a monastery — a vocation or an escape from the problems? [online]. Accessed 01.02.2015. URL:.
Press release No. 2754, the VCIOM opinion poll, 2015. Hit the road — through holy sites [online]. Accessed 07.03.2015. URL:
Rogozin D.M. Book about monasticism as a secular phenomenon. A review on the book: Archimandrite Tikhon (Shevkunov). “ ‘With unholy saints’ and other stories”. Moscow: Publishing house of the Sretensky monastery; OLMA MEDIA GROUP, 2011. Sotsiologicheskiy zhurnal. 2012. No. 2. P. 170–174.
Federal State Statistics Service [online]. Accessed 11.07.2014. URL:
Shafazhinskaya N.E. Monasteries and monasticism in the XIX century in Russia: a sociocultural aspect. Vestnik Moskovskogo gosudarstvennogo universiteta kul'tury i iskusstv. [Bulletin of the Moscow State University of culture and arts.] 2008. No. 4. P. 36–39. (In Russ.)
Shafazhinskaya N.E. Russkoe monashestvo kak istoriko-kul'turnoe yavlenie. [Russian monasticism as a historical and cultural phenomenon.]. Diss. for the degree of Doctor of Cultural Studies. Moscow, 2010. 407 p.
Shcherba L.V. Opyt obshchei teorii leksikografii. [Towards a general theory of lexicography.]. Yazykovaya sistema i rechevaya deyatel'nost'. [Language system and speech activity.]. Leningrad: Nauka Publ., 1974.
Burgess J.P. Monasticism as a force for religious and cultural renewal in post-communist Russia. Journal of Religion in Europe. 2011. Vol. 4. No. 2. R. 225–244.
Burgess J.P. Orthodox resurgence: Civil religion in Russia. Religion in Eastern Europe. 2009. Vol. 29. No. 2. P. 1–14.
Kenworthy S.M. Monasticism in Russian history. Kritika: Explorations in Russian and Eurasian History. 2009. Vol. 10. No. 2. P. 307–331.
Kloss B.M. Monasticism during the formation of a centralized state. Russian Studies in History. 2013. Vol. 52. No. 1. R. 5–37. Doi: 10.2753/RSH1061-1983520101.
Michel A. What role can the Orthodox monasteries play in the revival of spirituality of the contemporary Russian society. PhD Theses. International Baptist Theological Seminary of the European Baptist Federation (Czech Republic), 2013. 44 p.
Miller D.B. Saint Sergius of Radonezh, His Trinity Monastery, and the Formation of the Russian Identity. DeKalb: Northern Illinois University Press, 2010. 374 p.
Miller D.B. The cult of Saint Sergius of Radonezh and its political uses. Slavic Review. 1993. Vol. 52. Issue 4. R. 680–699.
Mitrokhin N., Nuritova A. The Russian Orthodox church in contemporary Russia: Structural problems and contradictory relations with the Government, 2000–2008. Social Research. 2009. Vol. 76. Issue 1. P. 289–320.
Naidenova L.P. Monasteries and monasticism in Russia. Russian Studies in History. 2013. Vol. 52. Issue 1. P. 3–4.
Putterman T.L. Berlin’s two concepts of liberty: A reassessment and revision. Polity. 2006. Vol. 38. Issue 3. P. 416–446.
Rock S. A monastic revival. History Today. 2009. Vol. 59. No. 2. P. 4–5.
Wynot J.J. Keeping the Faith: Russian Orthodox Monasticism in the Soviet Union, 1917–1939. PhD diss., Emory University (USA), 2000. 296 p.
Форматы цитирования
Другие форматы цитирования:
ACM
[1]
Медведева, К.С. 2015. Социальный образ православных монастырей и монашества в современной России. Социологический журнал. 21, 3 (сен. 2015), С. 45-62. DOI:https://doi.org/10.19181/socjour.2015.21.3.2377.
Раздел
МАССОВЫЕ ОПРОСЫ, ЭКСПЕРИМЕНТЫ, МОНОГРАФИЧЕСКИЕ ИССЛЕДОВАНИЯ
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